Special Air Service (SAS)

The Special Air Service (SAS) is one of the most renowned and elite special forces units in the world. Part of the British Army, the SAS is known for its rigorous selection process, exceptional training, and a history of daring operations. The regiment’s versatility and effectiveness in a variety of missions have made it a model for special forces units globally.

Historical Background

The SAS was formed during World War II, in July 1941, by David Stirling, a lieutenant in the Scots Guards. Stirling envisioned a small, highly trained force capable of operating behind enemy lines to conduct raids, sabotage, and reconnaissance. Initially called “L Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade,” the unit’s name was intended to mislead the enemy into thinking the British had a parachute regiment larger than it actually was.

The SAS’s first operations were in North Africa, where they conducted raids against Axis airfields and supply lines. These missions proved highly effective, establishing the SAS’s reputation for audacity and skill. After the war, the SAS was disbanded but reformed in 1947 as a Territorial Army (TA) unit. In the 1950s, it was re-established as a regular army unit, adapting to new threats and expanding its role in counter-insurgency operations.

Structure and Organization

The SAS is part of the United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF), which also includes the Special Boat Service (SBS), Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR), and the Special Forces Support Group (SFSG). The SAS itself is divided into three main regiments:

  1. 22 SAS: The regular component and the most well-known of the SAS regiments. It is based in Hereford and comprises four operational squadrons (A, B, D, and G), each with specialized roles.
  2. 21 SAS (Artists Rifles): A part-time reserve regiment, primarily responsible for operations within the UK and providing a pool of trained personnel for 22 SAS.
  3. 23 SAS: Another reserve regiment, similar to 21 SAS, but also tasked with operations overseas.

Each squadron within 22 SAS is further divided into troops specializing in four main areas: Boat Troop (maritime operations), Mobility Troop (vehicle operations), Air Troop (airborne operations), and Mountain Troop (operations in mountainous or arctic environments).

Selection and Training

The SAS selection process is notoriously tough, designed to identify individuals with exceptional physical and mental endurance. It begins with an initial briefing and a series of physical fitness tests, followed by the infamous “Hills Phase” in the Brecon Beacons of Wales. This phase involves long marches over difficult terrain, with candidates carrying heavy packs and navigating independently.

Those who pass the Hills Phase move on to jungle training, typically conducted in Belize or Brunei, where they learn survival skills and combat techniques in a harsh environment. Following this, candidates undergo a resistance to interrogation (RTI) phase, where they are subjected to various interrogation techniques to test their resilience and ability to withstand capture.

The final stage is continuation training, which includes advanced combat skills, demolitions, communications, medical training, and specialized skills depending on their troop assignment. Successful candidates are awarded the SAS beret and the famous winged dagger cap badge.

Operational Role

The SAS is tasked with a wide range of missions, including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, covert reconnaissance, and intelligence gathering. Their ability to operate in small, highly skilled teams allows them to conduct missions that would be impossible for conventional forces.

Notable Operations

  1. Iranian Embassy Siege (1980): Perhaps the most famous SAS operation, this saw the regiment storm the Iranian Embassy in London to rescue hostages taken by Iranian Arab separatists. The operation was broadcast live on television, showcasing the SAS’s professionalism and effectiveness.
  2. Falklands War (1982): The SAS conducted several high-risk reconnaissance and sabotage missions behind enemy lines, contributing significantly to the British victory.
  3. Gulf War (1991): SAS teams infiltrated deep into Iraq to gather intelligence and disrupt Scud missile launches, playing a crucial role in the coalition’s success.
  4. Counter-Insurgency in Northern Ireland: Over several decades, the SAS was involved in covert operations against the Irish Republican Army (IRA), preventing numerous attacks and capturing key operatives.
  5. Global War on Terror: Post-9/11, the SAS has been heavily involved in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, conducting counter-terrorism missions, direct action against high-value targets, and training local forces.

Legacy and Influence

The SAS’s motto, “Who Dares Wins,” encapsulates the spirit of the regiment. Their success has influenced the creation and development of special forces units around the world, including the U.S. Army’s Delta Force and the Australian Special Air Service Regiment.

The SAS remains one of the most respected and elite military units globally, known for their ability to operate in the most challenging and dangerous environments. Their continued evolution and adaptation to new threats ensure they remain at the forefront of special operations.

Conclusion

The Special Air Service is a symbol of military excellence, innovation, and courage. From its origins in the deserts of North Africa to its current role in counter-terrorism and global security, the SAS has continually demonstrated why it is regarded as one of the world’s premier special forces units. Their legacy of “Who Dares Wins” continues to inspire and define the highest standards of military service.